Cite
Sternberg, Robert J., Ilaria Siriner, Jaime Oh, and Chak Haang Wong. “Cultural Intelligence: What Is It and How Can It Effectively Be Measured?” Journal of Intelligence 10, no. 3 (August 5, 2022): 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10030054.
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FirstAuthor:: Sternberg, Robert J.
Author:: Siriner, Ilaria
Author:: Oh, Jaime
Author:: Wong, Chak Haang
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Title:: Cultural Intelligence: What Is It and How Can It Effectively Be Measured?
Year:: 2022
Citekey:: sternbergCulturalIntelligenceWhat2022
itemType:: journalArticle
Journal:: Journal of Intelligence
Volume:: 10
Issue:: 3
Pages:: 54
DOI:: 10.3390/jintelligence10030054
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Abstract
We administered both maximum-performance and typical-performance assessments of cultural intelligence to 114 undergraduates in a selective university in the Northeast of the United States. We found that cultural intelligence could be measured by both maximum-performance and typical-performance tests of cultural intelligence. Cultural intelligence as assessed by a maximum-performance measure is largely distinct from the construct as assessed by a typical-performance measure. The maximum-performance test, the Sternberg Test of Cultural Intelligence (SCIT), showed high internal consistency and inter-rater reliability. Sections with problems from two content domains—Business (SCIT-B) and Leisure (SCIT-L) activities—were highly intercorrelated, suggesting they measured largely the same construct. The SCIT showed substantial correlations with another maximum-performance measure of cultural intelligence, Views-on-Culture. It also was correlated, at more modest levels, with fluid intelligence and personal intelligence tests. Factorially, the (a) maximum-performance cultural intelligence tests, (b) typical-performance cultural intelligence test and a test of openness to experience, and (c) fluid intelligence tests formed three separate factors. .
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Imported: 2025-02-28 1:54 am
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Cultural intelligence is one’s ability to adapt when confronted with problems arising in interactions with people or artifacts of cultures other than one’s own (Sternberg et al. 2021a). Some might view cultural intelligence as merely a special case of general intelligence, but there is at least some evidence that cultural intelligence is a distinct construct that is related but nonidentical to general intelligence (Ang et al. 2006, 2007, 2015, 2020; Sternberg 2008; Sternberg and Grigorenko 2006; Sternberg et al. 2021a; Van Dyne et al. 2008).
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First, cultural intelligence would seem to have a practical, tacit-knowledge-based component that makes it akin to what sometimes is called “practical intelligence”, which (arguably) is at least somewhat distinct from general intelligence (Hedlund 2020; Polanyi 1976; Sternberg and Hedlund 2002; Sternberg and Horvath 1999).
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Tacit knowledge is acquired from experience. It is a matter of not how much experience one has but rather of what one learns from that experience.
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Second, cultural intelligence can be seen as having metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral components (Ang et al. 2006, 2007, 2015).
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The metacognitive component is used, for example, to understand how one is thinking about the situation one is in—as friendly, hostile, indifferent, or whatever. The cognitive component is used to figure out what to do in the situation. The motivational component is used to create engagement with the situation—some people simply shy away from intercultural situations or refuse to accept them as involving norms potentially different from their own. Moreover, the behavioral component is used to enact the behavior one views as appropriate in a given situation.
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Why is cultural intelligence even important? The first and main reason is that intercultural interactions are omnipresent, whether we wish them to be or not. Countries can clash because they do not understand each other’s values, as can individuals and groups (Markus and Conner 2014).
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There is a second reason cultural intelligence is important, however. Regardless of how it affects our interactions with people of other cultures, it increases our understanding of our own cultures. Presuppositions and cultural patterns that once may have seemed to be necessary parts of life may now be seen as merely single options among many different options.
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A third reason for the importance of cultural intelligence is that, for whatever arguments one might make in one direction or another about the teachability of general intelligence, cultural intelligence is clearly teachable at some level. No one is born with cultural intelligence.
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In a previous study, Sternberg et al. (2021a) studied cultural intelligence and how to measure it. In the current study, we used what is now called the Sternberg Cultural Intelligence Test (SCIT), which comprises two subscales, a Business subscale (SCIT-B) and a Leisure subscale (SCIT-L).
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Cultural intelligence may once have been a luxury. People could grow up in their own little corners of the world and live and die there with few or no intercultural interactions.
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Such a life is becoming increasingly hard to lead. Moreover, cultural misunderstandings abound. It often is very challenging for people in one culture to understand why people in another culture think, feel, and act the way they do. Cultural intelligence provides an important key to unlocking the mysteries of what makes people different from us the way they are.
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